How can diabetes affect my feet?

Chronically high blood sugar (glucose) levels can be associated with serious complications in people who have diabetes. The feet are especially at risk. Two conditions called diabetic neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease can damage the feet (and other areas of the body) in people who have diabetes.

What is diabetic neuropathy?

Chronically high sugar levels associated with uncontrolled diabetes can cause nerve damage that interferes with the ability to sense pain and temperature. This so-called "sensory diabetic neuropathy" increases the risk a person with diabetes will not notice problems with his or her feet. Nearly 10% of people with diabetes develop foot ulcers due to peripheral vascular disease and nerve damage. People with diabetes may not notice sores or cuts on the feet, which in turn can lead to an infection. Nerve damage can also affect the function of foot muscles, leading to improper alignment and injury.

What is peripheral vascular disease?

Diabetes is associated with poor circulation (blood flow). Inadequate blood flow increases the healing time for cuts and sores. Peripheral vascular disease refers to compromised blood flow in the arms and legs. Poor blood flow increases the risk that infections will not heal. This, in turn, increases the risk of ulcers and gangrene, which is tissue death that occurs in a localized area when there is an inadequate blood supply.

What are common foot problems of people with diabetes?

The following images show common foot problems that anyone can get; however, those with diabetes are at increased risk for serious complications associated with these conditions, including infection and even amputation.

Athlete's foot

Fungal infection of the feet is called athlete's foot. Cracked skin, itching, and redness are associated with the condition. Fungus enters cracks in the skin causing an infection that must be treated with antifungal medications. Oral medications or topical creams may be used to treat athlete's foot.

Fungal nail infection

Thick, brittle, yellow-brown, or opaque nails are common with fungal nail infections. The infected area may crumble or seem to pull away from the rest of the nail. Fungus thrives in the warm, moist, dark environment created by wearing closed-toed shoes. Nail injury also increases the risk of fungal nail infection. These infections are difficult, but not impossible, to treat. Oral medications work best to treat fungal nail infections. Topical treatments are only effective for a few types of fungal nail infections. Sometimes, surgery is necessary to remove infected areas of the nail.

Calluses 

Calluses are hard areas of thickened skin that build up on the bottom of the feet. Uneven weight distribution, a skin abnormality, or ill-fitting shoes may cause calluses. Use these tips to care for calluses:

It's normal to have some calluses. It's important to never try to cut a callus using a sharp object. Doing so can cause serious injury.

Can these foot problems be prevented?

Taking good care of your feet can prevent problems before they start! Use the following tips to reduce your risk of common foot problems and serious complications associated with them.

Diabetes and Foot Problems

Prevention Tip #1

Living with diabetes requires you to pay special attention to your health and your condition. Follow your doctor's instructions regarding diet, exercise and medication. Keeping your blood sugar (glucose) levels within the recommended range is one of the best things you can do to control your condition and protect your feet.

Diabetes and Foot Problems

Prevention Tip #2

Carefully inspect your feet daily for redness, blisters, sores, calluses, and other signs of irritation. Daily foot checks are especially important if you have inadequate blood flow.

Diabetes and Foot Problems
Prevention Tip #3

Follow these foot care tips to properly care for your feet:

1. Wash your feet daily with non-irritating soap and warm water.
2. Avoid soaking your feet.
3. Dry your feet completely after bathing, paying special attention to the areas between the toes.
4. Avoid applying lotion to the areas between the toes.
5. Ask your doctor which lotion is best for your skin type and health condition.